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Francesco Barbaro (Castanu)
Francesco Barbaro (born May 13, 1927 in Platì), also known as U'Castanu, is a boss of the 'Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organisation based in Calabria, Italy. Born in Platì, he is the head of the Barbaro 'ndrina. He was known as the king of kidnapping in the 1980s.〔 He became a member of ''La Provincia'', a provincial commission of the 'Ndrangheta formed at the end of the Second 'Ndrangheta war in September 1991, to avoid further internal conflicts.〔 (Sentenza procedimento penale Olimpia ), Tribunale di Reggio Calabria, January 19, 1999〕
=='Ndrangheta heritage==
(詳細はMammoliti 'ndrina from Castellace in the municipality of Oppido Mamertina. In the end the Mammoliti clan prevailed and the Barbaros moved back to Platì.〔 (Esposizione introduttiva del Pubblico ministero nel processo nei confronti di Giulio Andreotti ), Direzione Distrettuale Antimafia Palermo, 1994〕
Many of the 'Ndrangheta clans in Platì, such as Trimboli, Sergi, Romeo, Papalia and Marando are associated through blood relations, which center around the Barbaro.〔 (Relazione annuale sulla 'ndrangheta ), Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalità organizzata mafiosa o similare, February 2008〕〔 Gratteri & Nicaso, ''Fratelli di Sangue'', p. 123〕
Platì has been called the "cradle of kidnapping" and it is suspected that kidnap victims were held within a complex network of underground tunnels.〔(Vast underground Mafia stronghold found in Calabria ), The Independent, July 31, 2002〕 The money extorted with kidnappings was invested in drug trafficking and construction in northern Italy, in particularly around Buccinasco, near Milan.〔 (Ma fu Ierinò a parlare di regia unica ), La Repubblica, September 20, 1992〕 The clan participated in a cartel of 'Ndrangheta families involved in cocaine trafficking with the Mafia family of Mariano Agate.〔 (Italia. Uno degli affari di Cosa Nostra e 'Ndrangheta insieme ), ADUC droghe, May 30, 2003〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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